Rediscovering India

At SIDH we are republishing an out-of-print book, ‘Rediscovering India’, by Dharampalji. With a foreword by Chandra Shekharji, former Prime Minister of India, it is a book of essays and speeches (1956-1998) in which Dharampalji talks about a wide range of topics. The book has 27 chapters divided among three main sections:

  1. Indian Society at the Beginning of European Dominance and the Process of Impoverishment.
  2. Problems Faced by India after the End of European Dominance.
  3. Some European Characteristics and Their Worldwide Manifestations.

The following are some excerpts from the book:

“Over the last 40 years, Dharampal has written several articles, given many talks, read papers in conferences and seminars. These are significantly different from his research work, where he has by and large refrained from interpretations. These articles are based on the insights gained by him during the painstaking research and from his dwelling on them later on. In these articles, Dharampal is speculative, tries to conjure a picture of what the Indian society may have been like, how it may have functioned, taken its decisions, arranged its affairs, what were its ways of protest etc. before or immediately after the arrival of the British. It also tries to draw a picture of the manner in which the British may have looked at our (alien) ways and how the systems imposed by them must have contributed to disrupting the society. Perhaps for the first time the articles have been collected and put together for readers to get a glimpse into Dharampal’s world.”
From the Preface to the first edition written by Pawan Gupta in 2003.

“I think it is a false impression that the early nineteenth century British mind was in any sense concerned with economic or social backwardness of India and that its usage of terms like ‘ignorance’, ‘misery’, pertain to any socio-economic context. What obtained in the early nineteenth century Britain were a well-defined hierarchical structure, a rigorous legal system, an administrative and military structure admission to which was based on birth, patronage or purchase. To such a mind the liveliness of ordinary Indian society, its relative cohesive social structure, its educational institutions, admission to which did not depend on wealth, its joint ownership of land, etc. were points not in its favour but elements which indicated its depravity and laxity.

There was a debate in the House of Commons in 1813. Many members were of the view that the people of India and the Indian society (in spite of the turmoil and disorganisation it was passing through) were still to be envied for their enlightened manners, their tolerance, their social cohesiveness and their relative prosperity. The debate was primarily concerned with the saving of the soul of the Indian people and its main mover was the great nineteenth century Englishman, Mr. William Wilberforce. He argued that Greece and Rome were wretched till they got converted to Christianity. Therefore, it was impossible that the Indians could be happy, enlightened, in their unchristian state. Mr. Wilberforce concluded that India must be wretched, depraved and sunk deep in ignorance till they could become Christians.”
From the chapter titled ‘India must rediscover itself’.

“Having taken it for granted, on the basis of what the West popularized about itself, that the history of European man and his aspirations and theorizations had some universal validity, we also seem to have assumed that we were also capable of repeating what the West had done in the past 1,000 years of its history. The images we had of Western man were either of the individual plunderer of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, or the Western man of the twentieth century – sophisticated, polished, consider­ate, charitable, and at least theoretically, advocating equality and fraternity amongst all men. . . . We did not realize that to reach this present dazzling stage the West had to be harsh, cruel, exploitative, etc., not only to the non-Western world but to its own people for many centuries. The supposition that the West has arrived at its present democratic and welfare arrangements because these had been in-built in its medieval and early modern society is as much a myth as the supposition that the people of India led impoverished and politically oppressed lives for thousands of years.”
From the chapter titled ‘The question of India’s development’

धरमपाल: सहजता और आत्म विश्‍वास कैसे लौटे (Part 2 of 2)

(This was written in February 2021 for ‘Yathavat’ a magazine that is published from Delhi)

धरमपाल जी के शोध कार्य का संभवतः सिर्फ साठ प्रतिशत या उससे भी कम ही प्रकाशित हो पाया है। पर ऐसा लगता है बरसों की तपस्या के बाद दस्तावेज़ों को पढ़ते पढ़ते, महात्मा गांधी को पढ़ते और समझते हुए और साथ ही भारत के साधारण और साधारण लोक जीवन को देखते हुए उन्होंने इन अलग अलग क्षेत्रों में हुई समझ को आपस में जोड़ने का सतत प्रयत्न किया। आजकल विशेषज्ञों और विशेषज्ञता का ज़माना है जिसमें ज्ञान अलग अलग खांचों में सीमित हो कर ही रह जाता है। पर जीवन की वास्तविकता है कि हर चीज़ हर दूसरी चीज़ से जुड़ी होती है – सीधे सीधे या घुमावदार, थोड़ा जटिल रास्तों से। धरमपाल जी की समग्रता में चीज़ों को देखने और जोड़ने की वजह से उन्हें भारत और पश्चिम के बारे में एक मौलिक समझ बनी जिसका प्रमाण उनके “भारतीय, चित्त, मानस काल” में मिलता है, जो संभवतः उनके बरसों के काम के निचोड़, उससे जनित दृष्टि और समझ से निकला लगता है। महात्मा गांधी की तरह उन्हें भी भारत के साधारण लोक जीवन की श्रेष्ठता दिखाई देने लगी। यहाँ के साधारण के व्यवहार, मान्यताओं, काम करने और सोचने के तरीकों में उन्हें श्रेष्ठता दिखाई दी और साथ ही आधुनिक (पश्चिमी) व्यवस्थाओं, तौर तरीकों में, छद्म रूप से, निहित हिंसा, शोषण, नियंत्रण करने की प्रवृति, भी साफ़ साफ़ दिखाई दी। इसके बाद यह स्पष्ट हो गया कि भारत का लोक मानस और यह आधुनिक व्यवस्था जिन प्रवृतियों को उकसाती हैं या जिस ओर मनुष्य को जाने को लगभग विवश करती हैं, इन दोनों के बीच टकराव है, दोनों की बैठकें अलग अलग हैं। हामारा मानस इस आधुनिकता के साथ बैठता नहीं और हमे लगातार एक पराये और प्रतिकूल वातावरण में अपने को ढालने का प्रयास करना पड़ता है।

धरमपाल जी का शोध, चाहे वह शिक्षा व्यवस्था की बात हो, यहाँ की उन्नत तकनीक और विज्ञान की बात हो, यहाँ के विरोध जताने के तरीकों की बातें हों – ये सब हमें अनोखी लगती हैं। इसलिए भी कि जो तस्वीर भारत की इतने वर्षों में गढ़ी गई, वह इसके लगभग विपरीत बैठती है। इनको जान कर हमे गर्व भी होना स्वाभाविक है पर हमारा ध्यान इस बात पर जाना और भी ज़रूरी है कि वो कौन से कारण थे, जिनसे यह सब संभव हो पाया। उन मान्यताओं, जीवन दृष्टि और व्यवस्थाओं के सिद्धांतों को हमें पकड़ना है जिसके लिए शोध के साथ साथ, गहरे मनन और मौलिक चिंतन ज़रूरी है। और इसके लिए कुछ समय के लिए मुक्त भाव से सोचने की ज़रूरत, बगैर पश्चिम को देखे। जैसे अच्छे बच्चे हर काम को करते वक्त अपने माँ-पिता की ओर देखते रहते हैं कि उन्हें कैसा लग रहा है, उनकी सराहना मिल रही है या नहीं – ऐसा ही कुछ हाल हमारी प्रभावी बौद्धिकता का हो गया है। इस प्रवृति को हम में से कुछ लोगों को कुछ समय के लिए त्यागना पड़ेगा। यह हर महत्वपूर्ण बात के लिए पश्चिम की ओर देखने से हमारा लाभ कम और नुकसान ज़्यादा हो रहा है। हम अब हर क्षेत्र में उनकी नकल करने लगे हैं और इसका एक असर यह होता है कि हम देख कर भी नहीं देख पाते, सुन कर भी नहीं सुन पाते और मौलिकता से कोसों दूर हो गए हैं। यह बीमारी हमारी मीडिया, बौद्धिक जगत, राजनीति, शिक्षा, तकनीक और विज्ञान, खेती, आंदोलनकारियों सभी को लग गई है। इससे मुक्त हुए बगैर हम न तो ढंग से काम कर पाएंगे और न ही अपनी मानस के अनुकूल व्यवस्थाएं खड़ी कर पाएंगे। और अपने स्वभाव के अनुकूल व्यवस्थाएं जब तक नहीं होंगी तब तक हम असल माने में न तो स्वतंत्र होंगे, न सहज और न ही वास्तविक आत्मविश्वास हम में आ पाएगा। धरमपाल जी की असली चिंता और प्रयत्न यही था।

धरमपाल: सहजता और आत्म विश्‍वास कैसे लौटे (Part 1 of 2)

(This was written in February 2021 for ‘Yathavat’ a magazine that is published from Delhi)

यह धरमपाल जी का शताब्दी वर्ष है। जगह जगह छोटे बड़े कार्यक्रम हो रहे हैं। अभी 19 तारीख को धरमपाल जी के जन्मदिवस पर प्रधानमंत्री ने शांति निकेतन, बंगाल में दिये अपने एक भाषण में शिवाजी जयंती, जो उसी दिन पड़ती है, के साथ धरमपाल जी के शोध का कुछ विस्तार से ज़िक्र भी किया। हाल में उनको लेकर एक सुगबुगाहट सी देखने को मिलती है।

देश में कई दशकों से एक प्रकार के विचार और भारत के विगत के बारे में एक खास प्रकार के मिथक प्रभावी रहें हैं। उसमें, और महात्मा गाँधी जिस ओर – ‘स्व-राज’ की दिशा में – देश को ले जाना चाहते थे, इन दोनों के बीच कोई सामंजस्य नहीं था। और धरमपाल जी की अपनी अनूठी शोध से जो दृष्टि बनी उसके लिए भी, आज़ादी के बाद बुद्धिजीवी जगत और राजनीति के क्षेत्र में (गाँधीवादियों समेत) जो वर्ग प्रभावी रहा उसमें इस तरह के विचारों के लिए जगह मिलना बहुत मुश्किल रहा है। पर अब लगता है की छोटे-मोटे ही सही पर धरमपाल की बातों के लिए कुछ रास्ते खुले हैं। अब जो लोग उनके काम को गहराई से समझते हैं उन पर निर्भर है कि वे इसका लाभ उठायें और उनके काम को आगे बढ़ायें।

धरमपाल जी के कई पक्षों पर बात हो सकती है। अधिकतर उनपर जब बातें होती हैं वे उनके शोध कार्य, जो अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है, तक सीमित हो जाती हैं। और अमूमन यह महज एक exotic जानकारी और अपने विगत के बारे में कोरे अहंकार तक ही सीमित हो कर रह जाती है । कुछ खुश हो जाते हैं, कुछ इन पर प्रश्न खड़े करने लगते हैं/ या इनकी अवहेलना/अनदेखी करने लगते हैं। देश के प्रभावी बुद्धिजीवी वर्ग को सत्य से ज़्यादा अपनी पहचान से प्रेम है और उनकी पहचान जिन वैचारिक आधारों पर खड़ी है, वह धरमपाल के कार्य से उलट हैं। इसलिए यह वर्ग आज तक धरमपाल जी के अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण काम की अवहेलना करते रहा है।

पर धरमपाल जी के कार्य को महज जानकारी के तौर पर देखने और वहीं तक सीमित कर देने से, इस कार्य में अंतरनिहित अनेक महत्वपूर्ण और ज़रूरी पक्षों से हम वंचित रह जायेंगे। धरमपाल जी का समस्त कार्य देश और पश्चिम को समझने की एक कोशिश थी,जिसकी प्रेरणा के पीछे देश को लेकर एक गहरी पीड़ा और व्यथा थी। धरमपाल जी ने तो अपनी स्नातक की पढ़ाई 1942 में बीच में ही छोड़ दी थी। वे कोई आजकल जिसे इतिहासकार कहा जाता है वैसे इतिहासकार तो थे नहीं। उनका शोध समझने के लिए था कोई डिग्री पाने के लिए नहीं। इसलिए उसमें मौलिकता है। जिन लेखागारों और पुस्तकालयों में उन्होंने बरसों तपस्या की और जिन दस्तावेज़ों को देखकर उन्होंने भारत की जो तस्वीर हमारे सामने प्रस्तुत की, उन दस्तावेज़ों को अन्य लोगों ने भी देखा ही होगा पर वे वह देख नहीं पाये जो धरमपाल देख पाये। ऐसा क्यों होता है कि हम देख कर भी वह नहीं देख पाते, सुन कर भी वो नहीं सुन पाते जो महात्मा गांधी, धरमपाल और रविंद्र शर्मा “गुरूजी” जैसे लोग कर पाते हैं? संभवतः इसलिए कि ये लोग दूसरों के द्वारा भारत के बारे में, सदियों से बनाई गई तस्वीर और उससे जुड़ी मान्यताओं से प्रभावित हुए बगैर, खुले दिमाग से देखते, सुनते और उस पर मनन करते हैं। जो लोग धरमपाल जी के काम से रोमांचित होते हैं उन्हे इस बात को पकड़ने की आवश्यकता है।

(Part 2 will be published here next week)

The Dharampal Project

The 100th birth anniversary of Shri Dharampalji is being celebrated this year with various programs. We at SIDH have been fortunate to have spent quality time with him over the years and have had the privilege to publish some of his works.

Under the ‘Dharampal project’ we are looking at ways in which we can:
– build on and disseminate his hugely influential and perception-correcting work and
– to undertake further research into understanding the mind of the ordinary Indian, as suggested by Dharampalji.

Take a look at the proposal below and share it with people who can help make it happen.

Get in touch at arunelassery@gmail.com or pawansidh@gmail.com or call me at 9633983530 if you are interested in funding the project. Namaste!

Dharampal: Unpublished writings

Note: The following is an excerpt from unpublished writings of Dharampal available with SIDH. There is a powerful and coherent story that comes out when these unpublished writings are read together. We are looking for funds for collating and publishing this material as a book. Write to pawansidh@gmail.com if you can help us.

India does not begin in AD 1700, neither does it begin with the Islamic domination of parts of India around AD 1200 or from the incursions of Islam into Sindh in the 7th century AD, or the destruction of Somnath by Mohammad Gazni in the 9th century AD. India has had a very long existence and perhaps for most of this existence it had a very prosperous, scholarly, aesthetic society and vibrant polity. As an instance, modern western scholars have recently worked out that till about AD 1750 the China region and the India region together produced some 73% of the manufacturing output of the whole world. Even after the breakdown of the states and societies of these regions, industrial production was still around 60% of the world, till around 1830.

In recent years a few scholarly works have come out regarding the relations between India and China in the early 15th century. There is much information on the visits of the Chinese Admiral Zeng Ho to various countries of Asia and Africa including visits to India, especially several months stay in Calicut in 1405. In 1405 he was in Calicut with 300 ships and some 30,000 soldiers. Around the same time there were several Chinese ambassadors to Bengal and it is also stated that a number of ambassadors from Bengal had gone to China during the 15th century. There were probably similar links between China and other regions of India not only in the 15th century but perhaps from much before the beginning of the Christian era. If there were such links with China, it should imply that political, cultural and commercial links also existed with several other countries in east and Southeast Asia just as they existed with some of the Arab countries. The information which we get from these sources would not only help us re-build our relations with our neighbors but also may be of value in knowing more about our society of those times.

Such exploration and study of whatever is newly found could however lead man in several directions. Much of the research of the West since 1450 has led it to the conquest of the world and its plunder and the destruction of the environment as well as suppression and elimination of other human communities. In a way most of western research has been an accompaniment of despotism and worldwide imperialism.

It is possible that what has happened in the west could happen, in some distant future, in India also. But the greater chance in India, given India’s relative inwardness and pacific and non-violent nature and the slowness with which it moves, if it moves at all, is that such things would not conceivably happen in India. And at any rate, given India’s present absence of self-awareness, India must try to know itself by knowing what happened in its past over the past several thousand years.

Gently reminding us of who we are: Dharampal

I think that someday all Indians will know about Dharampalji, one of the great scholars of modern India. His collected writings that runs into five volumes has the potential to shift our entrenched perspectives about who we are, to change our self-image built on colonial lies. However, this week I am going to focus on his long essay, Bharatiya Chitta, Manas and Kala, that is part of volume 5 of his collected writings. The full essay is also available for download at the Centre For Policy Studies website here.

Excerpt from the essay:

To solve the problems of life on this earth, and to restore the balance, the divine incarnates, again and again, at different times in different forms. This is the promise that Srikrishna explicitly makes in the Srimadbhagavadgita. And, the people of India seem to have always believed in this promise of divine compassion. It is therefore not surprising that when Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 many Indians suddenly began to see him as another Avatara of Vishnu.

The state of India at that time would have seemed to many as being beyond redress through mere human efforts, and the misery of India unbearable. The time, according to the Indian beliefs, was thus ripe for another divine intervention. And it is true that with the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi the state of hopelessness and mute acceptance of misery was relieved almost at once. India was set free in her mind. The passive acceptance of slavery as the fate of India disappeared overnight, as it were. That sudden transformation of India was indeed a miracle, and it had seemed like a divine feat to many outside India too.

But though Mahatma Gandhi awakened the Indian mind from its state of stupor, he was not able to put this awakening on a permanent footing. He was not able to establish a new equilibrium and a secure basis for the re-awakened Indian civilisation. The search for such a secure basis for the resurgence of Indian civilisation in the modern times would have probably required fresh initiatives and a fresh struggle to be waged following the elimination of political enslavement. Unfortunately, Mahatma Gandhi did not remain with us long enough to lead us in this effort, and the effort consequently never began.

It seems that the spirit that Gandhiji had awakened in the people of India was exhausted with the achievement of Independence. Or perhaps those who came to power in independent India had no use for the spirit and determination of an awakened people, and they found such awakening to be a great nuisance. As a result the people began to revert to their earlier state of stupor, and the leaders of India, now put in control of the state machinery created by the British, began to indulge in a slave-like imitation of their British predecessors.

The self-awakening of India is bound to remain similarly elusive and transient till we find a secure basis for a confident expression of Indian civilisation within the modern world and the modern epoch. We must establish a conceptual framework that makes Indian ways and aspirations seem viable in the present, so that we do not feel compelled or tempted to indulge in demeaning imitations of the modern world, and the people of India do not have to suffer the humiliation of seeing their ways and their seekings being despised in their own country. And, this secure basis for the Indian civilisation, this framework for the Indian self-awakening and self-assertion, has to be sought mainly within the Chitta and Kala of India.

Gandhiji had a natural insight into the mind of the Indian people and their sense of time and destiny. We shall probably have to undertake an elaborate intellectual exercise to gain some comprehension of the Indian Chitta and Indian Kala. But we can hardly proceed without that comprehension. Because, before beginning even to talk about the future of India we must know what the people of this country want to make of her. How do they understand the present times? What is the future that they aspire for? What are their priorities? What are their seekings and desires? And, in any case, who are these people on whose behalf and on the strength of whose efforts and resources we wish to plan for a new India? How do they perceive themselves? And, what is their perception of the modern world? What is their perception of the universe? Do they believe in God? If yes, what is their conception of God? And, if they do not believe in God, what do they believe in? Is it Kala that they trust? Or, is it destiny? Or, is it something else altogether?

About Dharampal: (Written for this blog post by Pawan Kumar Gupta, December 10, 2020)

Dharampal jee dropped out of college in 1942 soon after Mahatma Gandhi’s call for “Quit India”. He never went back to formal education after that. But he was a keen observer and in the words of the great Buddhist scholar, philosopher and intellectual in the traditional manner, Professor Samdhong Rinpoche, an “original thinker”. So his education continued – he was socially and politically active. He worked closely with Mira Behen, and Jaiprakash Narayan. He wrote a scathing letter, addressed to all Members of Parliament after the debacle of the 1962 war with China, calling Pandit Nehru a traitor. He was arrested and finally had to leave the country.
While living in London he started delving deep into the British archives in the India Office Library, a huge section in the British library. His research was inspired by something Gandhi jee said in London in 1931, when he referred to the amazing educational system that existed in India – covering a large part of the country, completely autonomous and managed by the local community – just before India was colonized and how it got uprooted under the British occupation. Very few in India had any idea about this or believed that any system of education for the common ordinary people even existed in the country before the arrival of the British. But Dharampal jee decided to explore the British records of those times (late 18th and early 19th century), believing Gandhi jee’s words. His painstaking research spread over several years, yielded rich dividends, and revealed to him various facets of our past – from indigenous Science and technology to the agricultural practices to the thriving economy of the country and, of course, the education system. Not just these, but he got a deep understanding of the British ways of doing things, their perspective and the manner in which Indians behaved and looked at life. We need to appreciate the fact that when Dharampal jee was doing his research there were no computers or photocopying machines. He had to read, take extensive hand written notes and then painstakingly type them out. My guess is not even 20% of his research has been published till now and many of the books are out of print.
Many of us believe that “Bhartiya, Chitta, Manas and Kala” came out of his years of tapas – research, observation and trying to understand the Indian mind and swabhava. Indian mind, swabhava, ways of doing things, organizing the world around and perception has been very different from the western mind and now the modern Indian mind. What made India a vibrant society and what has happened to us now? Perhaps this essay gives us a direction in which to ponder and find answers.

Links for further study:
Pawan Gupta talking about Dharampal on YouTube in 3 parts. Part 1 . Part 2 . Part 3 .
Centre of Policy studies Dharampal archival collection (with over 15000 pages)